PREFACE
TO THE STUDENT: HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
Recommendations for Instructor Use of This Book
INTRODUCTION
Origins of the Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches
Comparing the Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches
Characteristics of Behavior Change Approaches
Chapter 1. SPECIFYING BEHAVIOR
Overt and Covert Behaviors
Clarifying Vague Terms and Fuzzy Language
Measuring Response Strength
Behavioral Assessment Approach
Chapter 2. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Examples of Positive Reinforcement
Factors That Influence Reinforcer Effectiveness
How to Identify Potential Reinforcers
How to Evaluate the Effect of a Stimulus as a Positive Reinforcer
Reinforcement of Behavior: Social, Tangible, and Self-Administered
Chapter 3. EXTINCTION
Decreasing Response Strength
Single-Subject Evaluation Designs
Applying Extinction to Decrease Undesired Behaviors
Consistency and Control of Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement of Appropriate Behaviors
Chapter 4. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES
Behavioral Contingencies and Positive Reinforcement
Accidental Reinforcement Contingencies
Self-Control Reinforcement Contingencies
Continuous and Intermittent Reinforcement
Chaper 5. SHAPING AND RESPONSE DIFFERENTIATION
Differential Reinforcement
Shaping With Successive Approximations
Chapter 6. STIMULUS CONTROL: DISCRIMINATION AND GENERALIZATION
The Discrimination Training Procedure
Chapter 7. CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT AND CHAINING
Conditioned Reinforcement
Simple and Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers
Establishing a Conditioned Reinforcer
Establishing Relationships With Clients
Fading Out Unconditioned Reinforcers
Chapter 8. MODELING AND IMITATION
The Role of Imitation in the Acquisition of Behaviors
The Use of Modeling in the Acquisition of New Behaviors
The Modeling Plus Positive Reinforcement Procedure
Application of Modeling in Practice
Chapter 9. PUNISHMENT
Aversive Stimuli and Punishers
Extinction and Negative Punishment
Maximizing the Effectiveness of Punishment
Disadvantages of Punishment
Alternatives to Punishment
Punishment and Self-Control
Chapter 10. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Negative Reinforcers, Punishers, and Aversive Stimuli
Phobias and Negative Reinforcement
Superstitious Behavior and Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement and Interpersonal Relationships
Chapter 11. RESPONDENT CONDITIONING
Respondent Conditioning of Phobias
Escape, Avoidance, and Respondent Conditioning
Operant and Respondent Control of Behaviors
Chapter 12. GENERALIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE
Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change
Obstacles to Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change
Strategies for Promoting Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change
Chapter 13. BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT
Introduction to Behavioral Assessment
Elements of Behavioral Assessment
Sources of Assessment Information
Collecting Assessment Information
Behavioral Assessment and Application of RAC-S
Chapter 14. GOAL SETTING, INTERVENTION PLANNING, AND EVALUATION
Formulation Behavior Change Goals
Intake, Behavioral Assessment, Goal Setting, Intervention
Classification of Behavior Change Techniques
Developing the Intervention Plan
Implementing the Behavior Change Program for Toothbrushing
Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Behavior Change Program
Behaviorally Oriented Record Keeping
Chapter 15. INTERVENTION TECHNIQUES
Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques
Evidence-Based Interventions
Appendix 1: Case Examples
Appendix 2: Chapter Pretest Questions
Appendix 3: Chapter Pretest Answers
Appendix 4: Chapter Posttest Questions
Appendix 5: Chapter Posttest Answers
Appendix 6: Course Posttest Questions
Appendix 7: Course Posttest Answers
Appendix 8: Notational Symbols and Diagrams
GLOSSARY
NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX
ABOUT THE AUTHORS