Preface
About the Authors
PART I. PREPARING FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Chapter 1. Introduction: The Theory and Practice of Social Research
| Social Research: A Primer |
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| Concepts and Theories: Deprivation Theory |
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| Variables and Hypotheses: Religiosity |
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| Social Research Strategies: Inductive and Deductive |
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| Theory and Research in Practice |
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Chapter 2. The Logic of Measurement
| Distinguishing Between Validity and Reliability |
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| Measurement and Information |
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| Classifying Variables as Discrete or Continuous |
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Chapter 3. Description of Data Sets: The General Social Survey
PART II. UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Chapter 4. Using SPSS Statistics: Some Basics
| Demonstration 4.1: Starting an SPSS Statistics Session |
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| Demonstration 4.2: Exploring the Data View Portion of the Data Editor |
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| Demonstration 4.3: Entering Data—a Preview |
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| Demonstration 4.4: Loading a Data Set |
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| Demonstration 4.5: Raw Data in Data View |
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| Finding Variable Information: Values and Labels |
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| Demonstration 4.6: Variable View Tab |
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| Demonstration 4.7: Ending Your SPSS Statistics Session |
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Chapter 5. Describing Your Data: Religiosity
| Demonstration 5.1: Opening Frequently Used Data Files |
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| Demonstration 5.2: Setting Options—Variable Lists and Output Labels |
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| Demonstration 5.3: Frequency Distributions |
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| Demonstration 5.4: Frequency Distributions—Running Two or More Variables at One Time |
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| Descriptive Statistics: Basic Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion |
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| Demonstration 5.5: The Frequencies Procedure |
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| Demonstration 5.6: The Descriptives Procedure—Calculating Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables |
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| Demonstration 5.7: Printing Your Output (Viewer) |
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| Demonstration 5.8: Adding Headers/Footers and Titles/Text |
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| Demonstration 5.9: Saving Your Output (Viewer) |
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| Demonstration 5.10: Saving Changes to Your Data Set |
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Chapter 6. Presenting Your Data in Graphic Form: Political Orientations
| Graphing Data With Direct “Legacy” Dialogs |
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| Demonstration 6.1: Frequency Table—POLVIEWS |
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| Demonstration 6.2: SPSS Statistics Chart Editor |
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| Demonstration 6.3: Frequency Table—PARTYID |
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| Demonstration 6.4: Political Attitudes |
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| Demonstration 6.5: Histogram—AGE |
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| Demonstration 6.6: Line Chart—INCOME |
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| Saving and Printing Your Charts |
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Chapter 7. Recoding Your Data: Religiosity and Political Orientations
| Demonstration 7.1: Modifying Variables With Recode—ATTEND ? CHATT |
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| Demonstration 7.2: Recoding AGE ? AGECAT |
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| Demonstration 7.3: Recoding POLVIEWS ? POLREC |
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| Demonstration 7.4: Recoding PARTYID ? PARTY |
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| Demonstration 7.5: Saving Changes to Your Data Set |
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Chapter 8. Creating Composite Measures: Exploring Attitudes Toward Abortion in More Depth
| Demonstration 8.1: Identifying the Seven Abortion Variables—File Info |
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| Demonstration 8.2: Running Frequencies for Several Variables at Once |
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| Index: A Form of Composite Measure |
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| Demonstration 8.3: ABORT Index |
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| Demonstration 8.4: Defining ABORT |
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| Demonstration 8.5: Checking New Index—Comparing Scores on Old and New Variables |
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| Demonstration 8.6: Running Frequencies for ABORT |
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| Demonstration 8.7: ABINDEX |
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| Demonstration 8.8: Running Frequencies |
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Chapter 9. Suggestions for Further Analysis
| Demonstration 9.1: Respondents’ Ideal Family Size (CHLDIDEL) |
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| Demonstration 9.2: Important Qualities for Children |
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| Attitudes About Sexual Behavior |
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| Demonstration 9.3: Index of Sexual Permissiveness |
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PART III. BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Chapter 10. Examining the Sources of Religiosity
| The Deprivation Theory of Religiosity |
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| Testing Our Hypothesis: Correlating Religiosity and Gender |
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| Demonstration 10.1: Running Crosstabs to Test Our Hypothesis |
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| Demonstration 10.2: Interpreting a Crosstab With Limited Categories |
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| Demonstration 10.3: Correlating Another Measure of Religiosity and Gender |
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| Drawing Conclusions Carefully: Reassessing Our Original Hypothesis |
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| Demonstration 10.4: Interpreting a Crosstab With Ordinal Variables—Religiosity and Age |
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| Demonstration 10.5: Correlating Other Measures of Religiosity and Age |
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Chapter 11. Political Orientations as Cause and Effect
| The Relationship Between POLVIEWS and PARTYID |
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| Demonstration 11.1: POLREC by PARTY |
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| Demonstration 11.2: PARTY by POLREC |
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| Demonstration 11.3: POLREC by AGECAT |
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| Demonstration 11.4: PARTY by AGECAT |
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| Demonstration 11.5: POLREC by RELIG |
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| Demonstration 11.6: PARTY by RELIG |
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| Demonstration 11.7: PARTY and POLREC by SEX |
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| Demonstration 11.8: POLREC by RACE |
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| Demonstration 11.9: PARTY by RACE |
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| Demonstration 11.10: Recoding EDUC ? EDCAT |
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| Demonstration 11.11: POLREC by EDCAT |
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| Demonstration 11.12: PARTY by EDCAT |
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| Some Surprises: Class, Marital Status, and Politics |
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| The Impact of Party and Political Philosophy |
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| Saving Recoded Variable: EDCAT |
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Chapter 12. What Causes Different Attitudes Toward Abortion?
| Demonstration 12.1: Gender and Abortion |
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| Demonstration 12.2: Age and Abortion |
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| Demonstration 12.3: Religion and Abortion |
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| Demonstration 12.4: Politics and Abortion |
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| Demonstration 12.5: Sexual Attitudes and Abortion |
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| Other Factors You Can Explore on Your Own |
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Chapter 13. Measures of Association for Nominal and Ordinal Variables
| The Logic of Statistical Association: Proportionate Reduction of Error |
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| Lambda (?): A Measure Appropriate for Nominal Variables |
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| Demonstration 13.1: Instructing SPSS Statistics to Calculate Lambda (?) |
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| Interpreting Lambda and Other Measures |
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| Gamma (?): A Measure Appropriate for Ordinal Variables |
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| Demonstration 13.2: Instructing SPSS Statistics to Calculate Gamma (?)—Example 1 |
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| Demonstration 13.3: Running Gamma (?)—Example 2 (Reverse Scoring Case) |
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| Additional Measures of Association |
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| Analyzing the Association Between Variables at Different Levels of Measurement |
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Chapter 14. Correlation and Regression Analysis
| Pearson’s r: A Measure Appropriate for Interval/Ratio Variables |
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| Interpreting Pearson’s r and the Coefficient of Determination (r2) |
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| Instructing SPSS Statistics to Calculate Pearson’s r |
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| Demonstration 14.1: Recoding RINCOM16 ? RECINC |
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| Demonstration 14.2: Using SPSS Statistics to Compute Pearson’s r |
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| Demonstration 14.3: Requesting Several Correlation Coefficients |
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| Demonstration 14.4: Regression |
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| Demonstration 14.5: Presenting Data Graphically—Producing a Scatterplot With a Regression Line |
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| Measures of Association for Interval and Ratio Variables |
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| Analyzing the Association Between Variables at Different Levels of Measurement |
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Chapter 15. Tests of Significance
| Significance Tests: Part of the Larger Body of Inferential Statistics |
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| Statistical Significance Versus Measures of Association |
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| Demonstration 15.1: Instructing SPSS Statistics to Calculate Chi-Square |
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| Significance and Association |
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| Demonstration 15.2: Instructing SPSS Statistics to Run Independent-Samples t Test |
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| Demonstration 15.3: t Test—EDUC by SEX |
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| Demonstration 15.4: Instructing SPSS Statistics to Run ANOVA |
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| A Statistical Toolbox: A Summary |
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Chapter 16. Suggestions for Further Bivariate Analyses
| Demonstration 16.1: Desired Family Size |
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| Attitudes About Sexual Behavior |
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| Demonstration 16.2: Investigating Sexual Permissiveness Further |
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PART IV. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Chapter 17. Multiple Causation: Examining Religiosity in Greater Depth
| Demonstration 17.1: The Impact of Age and Sex on Religiosity |
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| Demonstration 17.2: Family Status and Religiosity |
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| Demonstration 17.3: Family Status and Religiosity, Controlling for Age |
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| Demonstration 17.4: Social Class and Religiosity |
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| Other Variables to Explore |
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| Chi-Square and Measures of Association |
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Chapter 18. Dissecting the Political Factor
| Political Philosophy and Party Identification |
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| Demonstration 18.1: Controlling for Education |
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| Demonstration 18.2: The Mystery of Politics and Marital Status |
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Chapter 19. A Powerful Prediction of Attitudes Toward Abortion
| Demonstration 19.1: Religious Affiliation and Church Attendance |
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| Demonstration 19.2: Religious Affiliation, Church Attendance, and Abortion |
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| Politics (POLREC, PARTY) and Abortion (ABORT) |
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| Demonstration 19.3: The Interaction of Religion and Politics on Abortion Attitudes |
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| Demonstration 19.4: Constructing an Index of Ideological Traditionalism |
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| Sexual Attitudes and Abortion |
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| Demonstration 19.5: Recode PREMARSX and HOMOSEX |
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| Demonstration 19.6: The Relationship Between Sexual Permissiveness and IND |
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Chapter 20. Suggestions for Further Multivariate Analyses
| Ideal Family Size and Abortion |
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| Capital Punishment, Gender, and Race |
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| Demonstration 20.1: CAPPUN by SEX |
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| Demonstration 20.2: CAPPUN by SEX, Controlling for RACE |
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PART V. THE ADVENTURE CONTINUES
Chapter 21. Designing and Executing Your Own Survey
| The Social Research Process and Proposal |
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| Designing and Executing Your Own Survey |
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| Getting Ready for Data Analysis Using SPSS Statistics |
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| Demonstration 21.1: Example 1—Defining ID |
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| Demonstration 21.2: Example 2—Defining CHLDIDEL |
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| Demonstration 21.3: Copying a Variable |
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| Demonstration 21.4: Saving Your New File |
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| Step 2: Edit and Code Your Data |
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| Demonstration 21.5: Accessing File Information for Coding and Editing |
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| Step 3: Enter Your Raw Data |
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| Demonstration 21.6: Moving Through Data View |
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| Demonstration 21.7: Entering Data |
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| Demonstration 21.8: Revising or Deleting Data |
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| Demonstration 21.9: Saving Your Data File |
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| Writing a Research Report |
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Chapter 22 Further Opportunities for Social Research
Appendix A: The Codebook
Appendix B: Questionnaire for Class Survey
Index/Glossary
