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The Data Analyst’s Guide to Cause and Effect
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The Data Analyst’s Guide to Cause and Effect
An Introduction to Applied Causal Inference



158 pages | SAGE Publications, Inc
Understanding cause-and-effect relationships is essential for credible research and informed decision-making. The Data Analyst’s Guide to Cause and Effect offers a clear, practical roadmap for answering causal questions using both experimental and observational data.

Built around the EEESI workflow—Estimand, Estimator, Estimate, Simulation-based Inference—this book provides a systematic approach to defining, estimating, and validating causal effects. Readers will learn to apply modern techniques such as g-methods, inverse probability weighting, poststratification, and multilevel modeling, while tackling challenges like confounding and missing data.

With hands-on examples in R, code snippets, and simulation exercises, this guide balances rigor with accessibility. Ideal for graduate courses and applied researchers, it equips readers to move beyond simple associations and make credible causal inferences that inform theory, policy, and practice.
 
About the Authors
 
Series Editor’s Introduction
 
Acknowledgments
 
Chapter 1: Introduction
The fundamental promise of causal inference

 
Causal inference is “EEESI”

 
The R programming language

 
Formal notation

 
Chapter objectives

 
Further reading

 
 
Chapter 2: Causal Graphs
Randomizing a DAG

 
Elementary ingredients of DAGs

 
Good and bad controls

 
Where do DAGs come from?

 
Average people and people on average

 
Chapter objectives

 
Further reading

 
 
Chapter 3: G-methods and Marginal Effects
Inverse probability weighting

 
G-computation

 
It’s assumptions all the way down

 
Chapter objectives

 
Further reading

 
 
Chapter 4: Adventures in G-methods
Doubly robust estimation

 
Sub-group analysis

 
Complex longitudinal designs

 
Mediation analysis: Crossing hypothetical worlds

 
Chapter objectives

 
Further reading

 
 
Chapter 5: Most of Your Data is Almost Always Missing
External validity and selection bias

 
Poststratification

 
The treatment effects zoo

 
Target populations and econometrics

 
Chapter objectives

 
Further reading

 
 
Chapter 6: More Missing Data
To be or not to be missing

 
Completely random terminology

 
Missing data imputation

 
Chapter objectives

 
Further reading

 
 
Chapter 7: Multilevel modelling and Mundlak’s legacy
Causal inference as counterfactual prediction

 
Mundlak models

 
Marginal effects in a multilevel model

 
Chapter objectives

 
Further reading

 
 
Chapter 8: Causal Inference is not Easy
Violations of identification assumptions and some solutions

 
Bayesian causal modelling

 
Perspectives on RCT data analysis

 
Causal inference in the era of Big Data and AI

 
Conclusion

 
 
References
 
Index

The Data Analyst’s Guide to Cause and Effect offers an excellent, comprehensive, yet accessible introduction to causal inference. With a light-hearted approach, it opens up a new perspective for those accustomed to traditional statistical analysis, shedding light on crucial aspects of data interpretation. From selecting the right controls to estimating causal effects and even tackling advanced topics like missing data and the intricacies of multilevel modeling, this book is an invaluable guide for analysts seeking to move beyond mere correlation.

Julia Rohrer
University of Leipzig

Theiss Bendixen

Theiss Bendixen is a PhD, quantitative consultant, and independent researcher. To date, he has written two popular science books, a co-editedvolume, as well as more than 40 academic works, including tutorials, quantitative empirical papers, and technical commentaries. He consults on statistical modelling in both industry, academia, and non-profits, applying causal inference techniques across scientific disciplines. He currently works in the pharmaceutical sector.Personal website: www.theissbendixen.com More About Author

Benjamin G. Purzycki

Benjamin Grant Purzycki is Associate Professor at Aarhus University. He is a cognitive and evolutionary cultural anthropologist and focuses on the causal role of various demographic and cultural factors on human cooperation. He has conducted fieldwork in the Tyva Republic (Russia) and managed large, cross-cultural projects. His most recent books include The Minds of Gods: New Horizons in the Naturalistic Study of Religion (Bloomsbury), Ethnographic Free-List Data (Sage), and Morality and the Gods (Cambridge University Press).Personal website: www.bgpurzycki.wordpress.com More About Author